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1) Pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure will be greater than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the presence of:

Choose 3 of the following options.

   a) severe mitral stenosis

   b) positive end-expiratory pressure

   c) left atrial myxoma

   d) stiff left ventricle

   e) premature closure of mitral valve

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2) Starvation causes:

Choose 2 of the following options.

   a) increase in plasma glucose

   b) increase in urinary nitrogen excretion

   c) increase in plasma ketone bodies

   d) increase in glucose utilisation by the brain

   e) a metabolic alkalosis

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3) Regarding isomerism of the anaesthetic drugs:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) propofol and sevoflurane are achiral compounds

   b) ropivacaine, rocuronium and cisatracurium are single stereoisomers

   c) bupivacaine and ketamine are racemic compounds

   d) atracurium and mivacurium have more than two stereoisomers

   e) there is no pharmacodynamic diference between R and S enantiomers

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4) In a normal subject, the resting PaCO2 depends on:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) cardiac output

   b) alveolar hyperventilation

   c) transfer factor

   d) carbon dioxide production

   e) activity of medullary chemoreceptors

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5) Central venous pressure is greater than pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure in:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) right ventricular failure

   b) pulmonary embolism

   c) chronic lung disease

   d) pulmonary hypotension

   e) acute pulmonary regurgitation

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6) The following statements are true regarding these new drugs:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) fenoldopam, a D2 agonist, is used for treating hypertensive emergencies

   b) bambuterol is a prodrug, converted to terbutaline in the body

   c) nicorandil, a potassium channel activator, reduces both preload and afterload

   d) nimodipine is a cerebral vasodilator

   e) nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, is used as an anti-emetic during cancer chemotherapy

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7) Regarding the loop of Henle:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) the ascending limb is permeable to water

   b) the filterate becomes hypertonic as it goes down the descending limb

   c) the ascending limb of loop is virtually impermeable to water

   d) about 15% of filtered water is absorbed in the loop of Henle

   e) the thick ascending limb has a higher amount of Na-K ATPase than any other part of the renal tubule

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8) Concerning renal function:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced by 75%, serum creatinine begins to rise

   b) urine osmolality reflects the tubular function

   c) urinary sodium <20 mmmol/L indicates hypovolaemia

   d) fractional excretion of sodium is greater than normal in acute tubular necrosis

   e) the ascending limb is permeable to water

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9) Regarding sodium excretion by the kidney:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) 96-99% of filtered sodium is absorbed by the renal tubule

   b) fractional excretion of sodium is increased with a salty diet intake

   c) brain natriuretic peptide increases renal sodium excretion

   d) dopamine decreases the renal sodium excretion

   e) most of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed with chloride in renal tubules

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10) Blood urea nitrogen is an unreliable measure of renal dysfunction as it is increased in:

Choose 4 of the following options.

   a) gastrintestinal haemorrhage

   b) dehydration

   c) excessive protein intake

   d) end-stage liver disease

   e) omission of essential amino acids from diet