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| Pathology High Yield Notes | |
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X-Linked Diseases Meltdown
by Ed Friedlander MD - 1477 reads, 0 votes
X-linked dominant diseases: The only well-known one is familial vitamin-D resistant rickets, a renal phosphate-wasting syndrome. Manic-depression (nowadays, "bipolar disorder") probably has a locus here....
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Autosomal Recessive Disorders Meltdown
by Ed Friedlander MD - 1288 reads, 0 votes
Many body proteins are in such abundant supply that if a person has only half as much of that protein (i.e., has one good gene where most people have two), there is no obvious problem. However, if a person has no good gene where most people have two, the person is sick. Therefore, the known autosomal recessive diseases are either:...
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Autosomal Dominant Diseases Meltdown
by Ed Friedlander MD - 1680 reads, based on 2 votes
When a person has only one good gene where most people have two, the person can expect to make 50% as much of the good protein as do most other people. Sometimes, that isn't enough. Therefore, the known autosomal dominant diseases fall into five categories....
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Shock Meltdown
by Ed Friedlander MD - 840 reads, 0 votes
In shock you cannot perfuse your body adequately. Eventually, this develops into a vicious cycle. Causes of shock that you must understand....
Cardiogenic shock (i.e., pump failure)
--Massive myocardial infarct
--Rupture (ventricle, valve)
--Diphtheria
--Bad rhythm disturbances ("arrhythmias", a misnomer)
--Certain poisons (remember massive nicotine ingestion)
--Extrinsic compression (i.e., tamponade)...
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Hypoxia Meltdown
by Ed Friedlander MD - 799 reads, 0 votes
Cell can't do oxidative phosphorylation. Intracellular ADP increases, glycolysis increases greatly, lactic acid builds up and drops the cell pH, and proteins denature. This lets water, sodium and calcium into, and potassium and various marker enzymes (LDH, SGOT, or whatever, depending on the cell) out of, the cells. Water-and-lipid phases separate as layers ("myelin figures", dumb name). The cell and its rough-endoplasmic-reticulum may swell with water ("cloudy swelling"). This is still reversible. When hypoxia is bad enough, the calcium precipitates the phosphates in the mitochondria ("mitochondrial densities") which kills the cell (irreversible injury). If that doesn't happen, then sometim...
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Origin, Anatomy, Physiology, Developmental Problems & Inflammations in Breast
by Ed Friedlander - 3246 reads, 0 votes
The anatomy and the physiology of the breast should be familiar to you.
The areolar tissue is pigmented, with smooth muscle and elastic fibers. Montgomery's areolar sebaceous glands (which prevent chapping) undergo hyperplasia during pregnancy; they are the little bumps. The breast is composed of a system of branching ducts draining into 6-12 lactiferous ducts. The systems are extensively intertwined, and I would urge you to ignore talk about "separate lobes". Elastic fibers surround the lactiferous ducts and their branches. The lactiferous duct widens to become the lactiferous sinus underneath the nipple....
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Cancer of the Pancreas
by Ed Friedlander, M.D. - 2687 reads, based on 4 votes
CANCER OF THE PANCREAS ("cank of the pank", "the dismal disease", etc.; Lancet 363:1049, 2004)
Virtually all cancers of the pancreas are adenocarcinomas arising from the ducts.
Like adenocarcinomas anywhere else, you can spot them because they make little glands and/or are secretory- product (i.e., mucin)-positive.
Risk factors include (1) smoking (3x the normal risk), (2) exposure to chemicals (the disease is supposedly more common among both chemists and garage workers), and (3) hereditary pancreatitis (huge risk).
"Big Robbins" links it to the notable carcinogens naphthylamine and benzidine, and the hoopla over nitrosamines in food was related to their link to cancer of th...
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen
by CEA - 1171 reads, 0 votes
The CEA was one of the first oncofetal antigens to be described and exploited clinically. It is a complex glycoprotein of molecular weight 20,000, that is associated with the plasma membrane of tumor cells, from wich it may be released into the blood. ...
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Tumor markers
by NCI - 3318 reads, based on 3 votes
Tumor markers are substances that can often be detected in higher-than-normal amounts in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some patients with certain types of cancer. Tumor markers are produced either by the tumor itself or by the body in response to the presence of cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. This fact sheet describes some tumor markers found in the blood.
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Tay-Sachs disease
by tsc - 1883 reads, based on 4 votes
Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic disorder that is common amongst Ashkenazi Jews. It appears in the early months of life. It features a progressive degeneration of all brain functions.
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Hemoglobinopathies
by HbF - 1552 reads, based on 1 vote
(Hemoglobin Disorders)
Hemoglobin is produced by genes that control the expression of the hemoglobin protein. Defects in these genes can produce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia, which are conditions termed "hemoglobinopathies". Abnormal hemoglobins appear in one of three basic circumstances:
Structural defects in the hemoglobin molecule. Alterations in the gene for one of the two hemoglobin subunit chains, alpha (a) or beta (b), are called mutations. Often, mutations change a single amino acid building block in the subunit. Most commonly the change is innocuous, perturbing neither the structure nor function of the hemoglobin molecule. Occasionally, alteration of a single amino acid dra...
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Tumours of the Central Nervous System
by RxPG - 1823 reads, based on 3 votes
World Health Organization Classification
for
the Tumours of the Central Nervous
System
Neuroepithelial Tumours of the CNS
Astrocytic tumours
Astrocytoma (WHO grade II)
variants: protoplasmic, gemistocytic, fibrillary, mixed
Anaplastic (malignant) astrocytoma (WHO grade III)
Glioblastoma multiforme (WHO grade IV)
variants: giant cell glioblastoma, gliosarcoma
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Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demylinating Disorders
by Dr Rhodes - 3161 reads, based on 3 votes
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Pathology: Inflammation destroys oligodendrocytes and myelin in acute CNS lesions, probably evolving over 1 week until symptoms are the most severe. Healed lesions follow the sudden onset with a slow resolution to a non myelinated "scar" termed a "plaque." Axons are largely spared at first, but lack of myelin and the glial scar around axons prevents normal electrical conduction. Eventually, axonal degeneration ensues, and this is now thought to be the cause of late CNS dysfunction....
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Neuromuscular and Spinal Cord Pathology
by Dr Rhodes - 3624 reads, 0 votes
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes those portions of motor neurons, autonomic neurons and sensory neurons that extend outside the central nervous system (CNS) and have Schwann cell or ganglionic satellite cell associations. PNS has CNS components, such as cell bodies of motor neurons and central projections of many sensory neurons in the spinal cord. Separation of PNS from CNS is helpful because (1) many diseases affect one or the other and (2) the PNS has regenerative capacity....
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Cerebrovascular Diseases
by Dr Rhodes - 1878 reads, based on 2 votes
Brain differs from other organs in regard to blood supply and reactions to inadequate blood supply: (1) Neurons can withstand an interruption of oxygen for only 5 10 minutes and neurons do not regenerate. (2) Many small as well as large areas of brain are vital for specific and important functions, such as the speech area and cardiorespiratory centers, and irreversible damage to such regions can be disabling or fatal. (3) Increased fluid such as edema or blood can enlarge the brain but not the skull, producing devastating secondary damage to the brain from internal pressure effects....
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