Page 1 of 1: Antiboitics Daily

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An antibiotic is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits or abolishes the growth of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoa. The term originally referred to any agent with biological activity against living organisms; however, "antibiotic" now refers to substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity. The first widely used antibiotic compounds used in modern medicine were produced and isolated from living organisms, such as the penicillin class produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium, or streptomycin from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. With advances in organic chemistry many antibiotics are now also obtained by chemical synthesis, such as the sulfa drugs. Many antibiotics are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da.

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Classes of antibiotics

At the highest level, antibiotics can be classified as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection

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Aminoglycoside

Generic Name
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Neomycin
Netilmicin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Paromomycin

Common Uses
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes).

Possible Side Effects

* Hearing loss
* Vertigo
* Kidney damage

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Penicillins

Generic Name

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Azlocillin
Carbenicillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Mezlocillin
Meticillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin

Common Uses
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease

Possible Side Effects

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions
* Brain and kidney damage (rare)

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Quinolones

Generic Name
Ciprofloxacin
Enoxacin
Gatifloxacin
Levofloxacin
Lomefloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
Trovafloxacin

Common Uses
Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea

Possible Side Effects
Nausea (rare), tendinosis (rare)

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Ansamycins

Generic Name

Geldanamycin
Herbimycin

Common Uses
Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics

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Carbacephem

Loracarbef
Lorabid

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Carbapenems

Generic Name
Ertapenem
Doripenem
Imipenem
Meropenem

Common Uses
Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms via inhibition of cell wall synthesis and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)
Possible Side Effects
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea
* Seizures
* Headache
* Rash and Allergic reactions

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Glycopeptides

Teicoplanin
Vancomycin Vancocin

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