Page 4 of 6: hallucinations

Bruno · Credits: 44624 My Scrapbook My Reading List 50 Books

Well........ Do you know the story behind "Rain Rain GO Away

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Of course... Now every one in Chennai are shouting "Rain Rain Go Away"........ Chennai is virtually flooded

jgsharon · Credits: 9725 My Scrapbook

Thank u Dr.Tyagi, u have taken much pains to explain. now it's all clear.

Kanna2005 · Credits: 30342 My Scrapbook My Reading List 29 Books

Hello Tyagi,

I read all your posts about hallucination and found them very interesting. However, I still want to ask you whether ALL hallucinations are vivid or not.

And what do you think about the following statement I found in an article:

tulip · Credits: 21956 My Scrapbook

Dr Tyagi thank you so much for your help!

i dont come online so often these days....so sorry for gettin a little late with my reply

thanx again

confused · Credits: 3655 My Scrapbook

Definition of hallucination with references:

ØPerception without an object.(Esquirol, 1817)

ØAn exteroceptive or interoceptive percept which does not correspond to an actual object. (Symthies, 1956)

ØA false perception , which is not a sensory distortion or misinterpretation, but which occurs at the same time as real perception. ( Jaspers, 1962)

ØMaking of a relationship without adequate relationship. (Hillers)

ØMental images that
Occur in the form of images
Are derived from internal sources of information
Are appraised incorrectly as if from external sources of information
Usually occur intrusively (Horovitz, 1975)

ØPercept like experience
in the absence of an external stimulus
which has the full force and impact of a real perception
which is unwilled , occurs spontaneously and cannot be readily controlled by the percipient. (Slade, 1976)

ØRepresent faulty judgements about the origin of their perceptions, tending to attribute them to an external source. (Bentall, 1990)

ØSlade and Bentall are known to have tried a psychobiological model of hallucination(1988)

ØThe perception of objects which have no reality, or of sensations which have no corresponding external cause, arising from disorder or the nervous system, as in delirium tremens; delusion.(Webster’s dictionary)

Øillusion of seeing or hearing something when no such thing is actually present (Oxford dictionary)

please note: i have also read Fish but have mentioned actual authors.

Characteristics of hallucination (from van der Zwaard et al, 2001)
Variable
Auditive "often"
Visual "sometimes "
Haptic "rarely"
Olfactory "rarely"
Gustatory "rarely"
Localization ""often external"
Vividness "From I feel like to as-if character"
Reality testing "impaired"
Continuity over time "yes"
Functional result "often anxiety provoking"
Control "no "
Secondary delusions often"
Cue-triggering "sometimes"
Other "often bizarre dream like"

NOW, lets examine the question with the above references where many have been typed in bold.
HALLUCINATIONS all are true except

1. it is independent of will of observer (true statement)
2.sensory organs r not involved (true statement)
3.it is as vivid as that in true sense perception (not always)
4.occurs in absence of a perceptual stimulus (true statement)

The answer is option 3 which is not always true. u can have an "as if" like quality.

remember these points when u are asked ot differentiate between pseudohallucinations too. This "AS-IF " quality is often used here.

any of you want me to elaborate on pseudohallucinations, i can do it in another thread.

BTW, Dr. Tyagi, i feel this is the right answer.
obsessional imagery is always lifelike, but not hallucinations. hallucinations need not always be lifelike. moreover, i would not consider reflex and functional hallucinations as sufficient to say sense organs are involved in hallucinations. the percentage of hallucinations where sense organs are involved, am sure, are far less than the number of "not vivid" hallucinations that we see clinically.

My answer might go with Dr.Bruno but the explanations dont. I dont agree to some of his points but would not like to elaborate on them here.

interested people can look into this article. i request Dr. Tyagi and Dr. Bruno to look into this too. Not that I am an expert.No offence meant. Its just that it is a good article.
Pseudohallucinations: A Pseudoconcept? A Review of the Validity of the Concept, Related to Associate Symptomatology
Roy van der Zwaard and Machiel A. Polak
Comprehensive Psychiatry , Vol. 42, No. 1 ,2001: pp 42-50
this is small paragraph from the article
The as-if character of many hallucinations does not discriminate from pseudohallucinations. Particularly “mild psychotic symptoms” can exhibit
an as-if character; “It is as if something is crunching in my brain, like a persistent buzzing.” While reality testing remains initially intact, it may disappear when the experiences become inescapable. 27 In similar fashion, the fading of hallucinations during which the quality of reality testing increases does not change the past or present psychopathological state.

further suggestions are welcome.

cheers.
confused!!!!!!!!!

ajax · Credits: 1122 My Scrapbook My Reading List 10 Books

"When eating an elephant, take one bite at a time."

Kanna2005 · Credits: 30342 My Scrapbook My Reading List 29 Books

I totally agree with Confused. S/he has posted a good article. With regard to this question, especially statements 3 and 2, what I've learnt about hallucination is:

Hallucinations arise in the cerebral cortex and therefore do not involve the sensory organs.

Another one:

Hallucinations do not involve sensory organs, but are characterized by reports from the subject as though they had experienced them.

There is a small amount of data suggesting that sensory association areas of the brain may be activated during at least some auditory hallucinations.

While hallucinations may be reported as vivid, this is not typically found.

In general, auditory hallucinations are reported more often among patients with psychiatric disorders than are visual hallucinations.

Another one:

Any sensory modality can form a hallucination.

Hallucinations don't need to be vivid.

Hallucinations can be as vivid as in true sense perception but they don't need to be in order to be a hallucination.

Another one:

Generally, auditory and visual hallucinations are most common.

All hallucinations can be vivid to the person experiencing them and seem as real as a true response to a clear stimulus.

This information in addition to the one provided by Confused will help anyone reach the right answer and probably understand why that right answer is correct.

If you consider just typical (ordinary) hallucinations, the STATEMENT 3 is not true and you can't see the involvement of any sensory organs.I read that even congenital deaf had experienced auditory hallucinations --"Deaf patients can hear voices, even if they have been deaf from birth and have never heard sound...there is ongoing debate about the neural mechanisms for this." (See Psychiatric Times, December 2000; and Altshuler KZ, Am J Psychiatry 127:1521-26)

If you consider ALL hallucination, the STATEMENT 3 is not true, either and it is quite difficult to explain the involvement of sensory organs as hallucinations occur in the cerebral cortex.(I'm not sure whether, in functional (auditory) hallucinations, the provoking noise and the voices are both heard simultaniously but I read that in functional (visual) hallucination: one saw a doctor writing something (real) and THEN the doctor writing on one's stomach (hallucination).

STATEMENT 3 is not going to be true in any case and that should therefore be the answer.

Finally, "I think" that the examiner wants to test the general understanding of hallucinations rather than expecting a deep knowledge in it and in this question the examiner didn't include the word "ALL" hallucinations.

Please leave your comments if interested! No misunderstanding please!

I'd be glad if this's helpful.

shankaro · Credits: 223 My Scrapbook

seems like all of you have been going too much in depth.
unfortunately there is no right ans
stick to the def of an objective halln- the person is convinced of the voice or visual being of the same objective intensity as percieved recieving from you.
recent research has shown a concept called ' inner speech' in the formation of auditory halln.- it is a well documented fact now that the larynx voice box shows corressponding vibrations to the voice the person hears. then a phenomenon called 'semantic activation' fails to occur thus preventing the person from recognizing his own inner voice and actively percieving it as from the objective space
so the correct ans to this q is 2

drblackjack88 · Credits: 207 My Scrapbook

It should be 2. Hallucination mean perception in the absence of perceived object. Different sensory organs are involved for these perceptions.

FARHAD20 · Credits: 564 My Scrapbook

i agree with kanna.the answer should be 3,because as you all know sensory organs just change the stimulations to some kind of signals that can be transfered to brain and be percieved there,while in hallucination there is not a real external stimulation to be used by sensory organs.
good luck.

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