Page 1 of 8: answers of mppg-08 with reference

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1)bird of prey sign in barium meal- sigmoid volvulus
Findings in sigmoid volvulus:-

Contrast failed to progress beyond the recto-sigmoid junction. At this point, there is smooth, curved tapering like a bird's beak ("bird of prey sign").

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2. Malaria Prevention in Pregnancy

Malaria increases the risk of maternal and neonatal death, miscarriage and stillbirth. Pregnant women should defer travel to malaria-endemic areas whenever possible, particularly to areas with risk of acquisition of drug-resistant falciparum malaria. If travel cannot be avoided, special care should be taken to avoid mosquito bites (see section on prevention), and chemoprophylaxis should be used.

Doxycycline and primaquine are contraindicated during pregnancy, the latter because the G6PD status of the infant cannot be evaluated. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar®) is contraindicated in the last month of gestation and in the first 2 months of breastfeeding. Malarone® is not recommended during pregnancy (see Table 2 for more details about each drug).

According to current data, mefloquine is safe for chemoprophylaxis after the first trimester. When used in treatment doses in the first trimester the results of a recent study suggest that mefloqine may be associated with an increased rate of spontaneous abortions. Pregnancy should be avoided for 3 months after completing mefloquine chemoprophylaxis because of melfoquine's long half-life. However, the occurrence of pregnancy while a woman is receiving mefloquine prophylaxis is not an indication for termination of pregnancy.

Chloroquine and proguanil are known to be safe in pregnancy although they are not as effective as mefloquine in preventing chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. This creates a dilemma for women who are, plan to be, or become pregnant while in malaria-endemic areas.

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3.cart wheel sign is present in:-
The diagnosis of ASOM rests largely upon the appearance of the drum membrane.
Injection of the vessels around the short process and the handle. (“cart-wheel appearance”)

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3. natural anticoagulant -heparin

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contents of adductor canal:-
Contents of the Adductor Canal

* The femoral vessels enter the adductor canal where the sartorius muscle crosses over the adductor longus muscle, the vein lying posterior to the artery.
* The femoral artery and femoral vein leave the adductor canal through the tendinous opening in the adductor magnus muscle, known as the adductor hiatus.
* As soon as the femoral vessels enter the popliteal fossa, they are called the popliteal vessels.

* The profunda femoris artery and vein do not enter the adductor canal.
* The perforating branches of these deep vessels pierce the fibres of the adductor muscles to reach the posterior aspect of the thigh.

* The saphenous nerve, a cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve, accompanies the femoral artery through the adductor canal.
* It enters the adductor canal lateral to the artery, crosses it anteriorly, and lies medial to it at the distal end of the canal.
* The saphenous nerve does not leave the adductor canal via the adductor hiatus.
* It passes between the sartorius and gracilis muscles, pierces the deep fascia on the medial aspect of the knee, and passes down the medial side of the leg with the great saphenous vein.

* The nerve to the vastus medialis muscle accompanies the femoral artery through the proximal part of the adductor canal and then divides into the branches that supply this muscle and the knee joint.

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** epithelial lining of trachea pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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***Surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum is called orchiopexy or orchidopexy. It is usually performed on infants and young boys who are between 6 months and 15 months old.

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***11)champagne glass sign :_
Achondroplasia (heterozygous) is the most common form of dwarfism. ... The pelvis has a champagne glass appearance.

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** apoptosis - programmed cell death

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***Type b tympanogram:-

# Type B is a flat trace with no observed compliance or immittance peak. Type B tympanograms must be interpreted in conjunction with ear canal volume readings (see Image 4). Average ear canal volumes for children are 0.42-0.97 mL. Average adult volumes are 0.63-1.46 mL.
#

* Type B (normal ear canal volume) usually suggests otitis media.
* Type B (small ear canal volume) may suggest that the ear canal is occluded with wax/debris or that the immittance probe is pushed against the side of the ear canal.
* Type B (large ear canal volume) suggests a patent pressure equalization tube or perforation of the tympanic membrane

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